NOAA ISD Global Weather Station Historical Data Query

Demonstrate how to import data into a database using the ISD dataset as an example

Use the open-source Vonng/isd project to explore weather data in your database.

Use the existing Grafana monitoring system to browse sub-hourly weather data interactively. It covers nearly 30,000 surface stations over the past 120 years.

This is a fully functional data application that can query meteorological observation records from 30,000 global surface weather stations since 1901.

Project URL: https://github.com/Vonng/isd

Online Demo: https://demo.pigsty.io/d/isd-overview

Quick Start

Clone this repository

git clone https://github.com/Vonng/isd.git; cd isd;

Prepare a PostgreSQL instance

The PostgreSQL instance should have the PostGIS extension enabled. Use the PGURL environment variable to pass database connection information:

# Pigsty uses dbuser_dba as the default admin account with password DBUser.DBA
export PGURL=postgres://dbuser_dba:[email protected]:5432/meta?sslmode=disable
psql "${PGURL}" -c 'SELECT 1'  # Check if connection is available

Fetch and import ISD weather station metadata

This metadata file updates daily. It contains station longitude, latitude, elevation, name, country, province, and other information. Download and import it with:

make reload-station   # Equivalent to downloading the latest station data then loading: get-station + load-station

Fetch and import the latest isd.daily data

isd.daily updates daily with summaries of observations from global weather stations. Raw NOAA downloads must be parsed before database loading. Download or build the ISD parser, then download and import the data:

make get-parser       # Download the parser binary from Github, or you can build directly with go using make build
make reload-daily     # Download and import the latest isd.daily data for this year into the database

Load pre-parsed CSV dataset

ISD Daily contains invalid data and duplicates. Use the provided stable CSV dataset to avoid manual parsing and cleanup.

This dataset contains isd.daily data up to 2023-06-24. You can download and import it directly into PostgreSQL without needing a parser.

make get-stable       # Get the stable isd.daily historical dataset from Github
make load-stable      # Load the downloaded stable historical dataset into the PostgreSQL database

More Data

Two parts of the ISD dataset are updated daily: weather station metadata and the latest year’s isd.daily (e.g., the 2023 tarball).

Use this command to refresh both datasets. It does not download unchanged data packages again:

make reload           # Actually: reload-station + reload-daily

You can also use the following commands to download and load isd.daily data for a specific year:

bin/get-daily  2022                   # Get daily weather observation summary for 2022 (1900-2023)
bin/load-daily "${PGURL}" 2022        # Load daily weather observation summary for 2022 (1900-2023)

In addition to the daily summary isd.daily, ISD also provides more detailed sub-hourly raw observation records isd.hourly. The download and load methods are similar:

bin/get-hourly  2022                  # Download hourly observation records for a specific year (e.g., 2022, options 1900-2023)
bin/load-hourly "${PGURL}" 2022       # Load hourly observation records for a specific year

Data

Dataset Overview

ISD provides four datasets: sub-hourly raw observation data, daily statistical summary data, monthly statistical summary, and yearly statistical summary

Dataset	Notes
ISD Hourly	Sub-hourly observation records
ISD Daily	Daily statistical summary
ISD Monthly	Not used, can be calculated from `isd.daily`
ISD Yearly	Not used, can be calculated from `isd.daily`

Daily Summary Dataset

Compressed package size 2.8GB (as of 2023-06-24)
Table size 24GB, index size 6GB, total size approximately 30GB in PostgreSQL
If timescaledb compression is enabled, total size can be compressed to 4.5 GB

Sub-hourly Observation Data

Total compressed package size 117GB
After loading into database: table size 1TB+, index size 600GB+, total size 1.6TB

Database Schema

Weather Station Metadata Table

CREATE TABLE isd.station
(
    station    VARCHAR(12) PRIMARY KEY,
    usaf       VARCHAR(6) GENERATED ALWAYS AS (substring(station, 1, 6)) STORED,
    wban       VARCHAR(5) GENERATED ALWAYS AS (substring(station, 7, 5)) STORED,
    name       VARCHAR(32),
    country    VARCHAR(2),
    province   VARCHAR(2),
    icao       VARCHAR(4),
    location   GEOMETRY(POINT),
    longitude  NUMERIC GENERATED ALWAYS AS (Round(ST_X(location)::NUMERIC, 6)) STORED,
    latitude   NUMERIC GENERATED ALWAYS AS (Round(ST_Y(location)::NUMERIC, 6)) STORED,
    elevation  NUMERIC,
    period     daterange,
    begin_date DATE GENERATED ALWAYS AS (lower(period)) STORED,
    end_date   DATE GENERATED ALWAYS AS (upper(period)) STORED
);

Daily Summary Table

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS isd.daily
(
    station     VARCHAR(12) NOT NULL, -- station number 6USAF+5WBAN
    ts          DATE        NOT NULL, -- observation date
    -- Temperature & Dew Point
    temp_mean   NUMERIC(3, 1),        -- mean temperature ℃
    temp_min    NUMERIC(3, 1),        -- min temperature ℃
    temp_max    NUMERIC(3, 1),        -- max temperature ℃
    dewp_mean   NUMERIC(3, 1),        -- mean dew point ℃
    -- Air Pressure
    slp_mean    NUMERIC(5, 1),        -- sea level pressure (hPa)
    stp_mean    NUMERIC(5, 1),        -- station pressure (hPa)
    -- Visibility
    vis_mean    NUMERIC(6),           -- visible distance (m)
    -- Wind Speed
    wdsp_mean   NUMERIC(4, 1),        -- average wind speed (m/s)
    wdsp_max    NUMERIC(4, 1),        -- max wind speed (m/s)
    gust        NUMERIC(4, 1),        -- max wind gust (m/s)
    -- Precipitation / Snow Depth
    prcp_mean   NUMERIC(5, 1),        -- precipitation (mm)
    prcp        NUMERIC(5, 1),        -- rectified precipitation (mm)
    sndp        NuMERIC(5, 1),        -- snow depth (mm)
    -- FRSHTT (Fog/Rain/Snow/Hail/Thunder/Tornado)
    is_foggy    BOOLEAN,              -- (F)og
    is_rainy    BOOLEAN,              -- (R)ain or Drizzle
    is_snowy    BOOLEAN,              -- (S)now or pellets
    is_hail     BOOLEAN,              -- (H)ail
    is_thunder  BOOLEAN,              -- (T)hunder
    is_tornado  BOOLEAN,              -- (T)ornado or Funnel Cloud
    -- Record counts used for statistical aggregation
    temp_count  SMALLINT,             -- record count for temp
    dewp_count  SMALLINT,             -- record count for dew point
    slp_count   SMALLINT,             -- record count for sea level pressure
    stp_count   SMALLINT,             -- record count for station pressure
    wdsp_count  SMALLINT,             -- record count for wind speed
    visib_count SMALLINT,             -- record count for visible distance
    -- Temperature flags
    temp_min_f  BOOLEAN,              -- aggregate min temperature
    temp_max_f  BOOLEAN,              -- aggregate max temperature
    prcp_flag   CHAR,                 -- precipitation flag: ABCDEFGHI
    PRIMARY KEY (station, ts)
); -- PARTITION BY RANGE (ts);

Sub-hourly Raw Observation Data Table

ISD Hourly

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS isd.hourly
(
    station    VARCHAR(12) NOT NULL, -- station id
    ts         TIMESTAMP   NOT NULL, -- timestamp
    -- air
    temp       NUMERIC(3, 1),        -- [-93.2,+61.8]
    dewp       NUMERIC(3, 1),        -- [-98.2,+36.8]
    slp        NUMERIC(5, 1),        -- [8600,10900]
    stp        NUMERIC(5, 1),        -- [4500,10900]
    vis        NUMERIC(6),           -- [0,160000]
    -- wind
    wd_angle   NUMERIC(3),           -- [1,360]
    wd_speed   NUMERIC(4, 1),        -- [0,90]
    wd_gust    NUMERIC(4, 1),        -- [0,110]
    wd_code    VARCHAR(1),           -- code that denotes the character of the WIND-OBSERVATION.
    -- cloud
    cld_height NUMERIC(5),           -- [0,22000]
    cld_code   VARCHAR(2),           -- cloud code
    -- water
    sndp       NUMERIC(5, 1),        -- mm snow
    prcp       NUMERIC(5, 1),        -- mm precipitation
    prcp_hour  NUMERIC(2),           -- precipitation duration in hour
    prcp_code  VARCHAR(1),           -- precipitation type code
    -- sky
    mw_code    VARCHAR(2),           -- manual weather observation code
    aw_code    VARCHAR(2),           -- auto weather observation code
    pw_code    VARCHAR(1),           -- weather code of past period of time
    pw_hour    NUMERIC(2),           -- duration of pw_code period
    -- misc
    -- remark     TEXT,
    -- eqd        TEXT,
    data       JSONB                 -- extra data
) PARTITION BY RANGE (ts);

Parser

NOAA ISD raw data uses a highly compressed proprietary format. A parser must convert it to database table format.

Use isdd for Daily data and isdh for Hourly data. Both accept annual compressed packages and produce CSV output. They support pipelines as shown below:

NAME
        isd -- Integrated Surface Dataset Parser

SYNOPSIS
        isd daily   [-i <input|stdin>] [-o <output|stout>] [-v]
        isd hourly  [-i <input|stdin>] [-o <output|stout>] [-v] [-d raw|ts-first|hour-first]

DESCRIPTION
        The isd program takes noaa isd daily/hourly raw tarball data as input.
        and generate parsed data in csv format as output. Works in pipe mode

        cat data/daily/2023.tar.gz | bin/isd daily -v | psql ${PGURL} -AXtwqc "COPY isd.daily FROM STDIN CSV;"

        isd daily  -v -i data/daily/2023.tar.gz  | psql ${PGURL} -AXtwqc "COPY isd.daily FROM STDIN CSV;"
        isd hourly -v -i data/hourly/2023.tar.gz | psql ${PGURL} -AXtwqc "COPY isd.hourly FROM STDIN CSV;"

OPTIONS
        -i  <input>     input file, stdin by default
        -o  <output>    output file, stdout by default
        -p  <profpath>  pprof file path, enable if specified
        -d              de-duplicate rows for hourly dataset (raw, ts-first, hour-first)
        -v              verbose mode
        -h              print help

User Interface

Use these Grafana dashboards to explore ISD data, weather stations, and historical observations.

ISD Overview

Global overview with overall metrics and weather station navigation.

ISD Country

Display all weather stations within a single country/region.

ISD Station

Display detailed information for a single weather station, including metadata and daily/monthly/yearly summary metrics.

ISD Station Dashboard

ISD Detail

Display raw sub-hourly observation metrics for one station. This requires isd.hourly.